1939- 1945 Were Possibly The Worst Years In American History.

1939- 1945 were possibly the worst years in American history. During this time, World War II was occurring. Adolf Hitler was in complete control. He even went outside the battle grounds to wreck havoc. He went to Babi Yar...the last place where Jews could hide. Babi Yar is located in Kiev, Ukraine. During World War II, a massacre took place in the small town, killing more than 1,000 Jews. The Nazis attacked them on September 29, 1943. Afterwards, the war continued to rage, only to end in 1945. During World War II, Adolf Hitler rose to fame as the harsh dictator of Germany. Hitler would then form his own army, then known as the Nazis. The Nazis would go on to terrify Germany, then would go on to slowly take control of Europe. As most†¦show more content†¦During the massacre, over 1,000 Jews, Soviet Officials, and Russian prisoners were killed. They were executed at the Babi Yar ravine. ( The Einsatgruppen) The total count of people murdered at Babi Yar was 34,000. The total count of Jews murdered in World war II was 6 million. This massacre occurred towards the end of the war. Shortly after the massacre, the United States would jump in to save the day! They would help the Allies defeat the Nazis and their army. Hitler would still g o on to terrify the rest of Europe after Babi Yar. The aftermath of Babi Yar is not a great one. It took over 6 years to rebuild Babi Yar and everything that was destroyed at Babi Yar. Many shelters, homes, buildings, and personal stations were destroyed during the massacre. The Nazis showed no mercy. (Hjelnguard, Kim) After the massacre, the Nazis tried to hide evidence that anything ever happened by covering the dead bodies with nothing but dirt and rock. The Nazis were convicted of what they tried to escape with, and some were caught. They not only tired to hide the bodies with dirt and rock, but they even burned them! When the remains were given to families, they were probably holding some stranger that they never even met, instead of their loved ones. Shortly after the Nazis were convicted, things slowly started going against Hitler and the Nazis. With the help of the United States, the Allies defeated the Nazis in whatShow MoreRelatedThe Attack On Pearl Harbor1602 Words   |  7 PagesAs the United States prepared to go to war with Japan, women were able to get jobs and American resources had to be conserved and reused. The U.S. would then go to war with Japan. So they bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima killing almost double. The bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima would then make other countries know just how powerful the U.S military is and what they could do if japan continued to try and expand. The United States were being very cautious about Japan. They wanted to make sure thatRead MoreAn Inside Look at the Holocaust Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Most Americans know about the Holocaust. 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Report on Business Level Strategy Free Essays

BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY Any given organization may comprise a number of different businesses. Each operating in distinct markets and serving different customers. A market is defined by demand conditions and based on an organization’s customers and potential customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Business Level Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Industry is determined by supply conditions and based on production technology. Business level strategy is a means of separating out and formulating a competitive strategy at the level of individual business unit. This is sometimes referred to as a Strategic Business Unit (SBU). A Strategic Business Unit is a distinct part of an organization which focuses upon a particular market or markets for its products and services. The parent company sets the overall or corporate strategy. The role of the business unit is to devise a strategy which allows it to compete successfully in the marketplace and to contribute to the corporate strategy. GENERIC STRATEGY A sustainable competitive advantage is about performing different activities or performing similar activities in a different ways. In other words, the firm must be capable of producing value for the customer that is recognized as being superior to that of its competitors. Michael Porter (1980) developed three generic strategies to help an organization outperform rivals within an industry, and so successfully position itself against the five forces. These strategies are referred to as generic because they apply to different types of organizations in different industries. The first of these three strategies is called Overall Cost Leadership. A cost leadership strategy involves a firm being the lowest cost producer within the industry. This allows the firm to outperform the rivals within the industry because it can charge lower prices and its lowest cost base still allows it to earn profit. In effect, this firm can charge the lowest price within the industry which the rivals simply cannot match. Therefore, a cost leadership strategy allows the firm to make superior profits. A Differentiation Strategy is based on producing products or services which are perceived by the customers as unique or different. A differentiated product has the opportunity to meet different customer needs more closely. It is the difference that is the basis on which the customers are prepared to pay a premium price. Clearly, the cost of producing differentiation must not outweigh the price being charged. Or, put another way, customer should be prepared to pay a price which exceeds the costs of differentiation, thereby allowing the organization to earn superior profits. The third Strategy is referred to as a Focus Strategy. A Focus Strategy allows an organization to target a segment of niche within a market. The segment may be based on a particular customer group, geographical markets, or specific product lines. Unlike overall cost leadership and differentiation strategies which are industry-wide, a focus strategy is aimed at serving a particular target market efficiency. How to cite Report on Business Level Strategy, Essay examples

Starting Something that Matters

Question: Discuss about statement of Need and project Description? Answer: Introduction This is an essay that will be written in the form of a business proposal. This will be a plan on starting a new bakery in the Business Improvement Area of Washington DC. This report will reflect our understanding on various subjects of management as it will discuss all the details an entrepreneur needs to focus on while starting a new business. It will highlight the financial requirement so as to attract investors. It will also highlight the USP of the enterprise so that the company can attract the target customers in good numbers. The proposal will exhibit the understanding of the marketing related topics such as segmentation, pricing, targeting, etc. Summary Sweet Tooth will be a startup bakery and dessert bar. We are planning to locate the store in the Washington DC since it would be a strategic location given the number of tourists visits Washington DC every year. We have chosen to open up the store in the Business Improvement District of DC as it provides tax incentives and also have great traffic because of MCI center (Asghar Abbas, 2012). Also, BID is expected to grow as new businesses will open up here in the coming years which will boost the footfalls in our bakery in future. Because of this we can plan for aggressive marketing to increase the sales by 40% by the second year of the business. Since Washington DC has been reported as the national leader where people spend huge amount of money in eating out and bakery products, thus this will be an optimum location for our store. The main concept of our store will be to create a restaurant as an experience by letting the customers watch their desserts being made right in front of th eir eyes. We will position ourselves as a quick service restaurant where people can be seated at the bar, view their desserts being prepared, pay and leave without having to wait for long duration for their food to come. This would be the unique selling proposition for our store ('Bar in Questionnaires', 2013). We will try to maintain the feel of an old fashioned restaurant while bringing in this new concept to titillate the local customers as well as to serve the tourists with utmost zeal. The company can plan to boost its sales by 70% within three years of its establishment, considering the location advantage, future prospects, and lifestyle habits of the local consumers. Since we will be a management graduate, we must know how to start a company and run it. Development of this plan will help us to understand how to create a new business, develop appropriate strategies to run the company, effectively market the company at least costs and to adopt promotional strategies which can improve the footfall in the bakery while boosting the sales therefore generating enormous profits (Brresen, 2013). This business proposal will require us to put all our theoretical knowledge on management to practice. In this plan, we also need to identify how many people will by store require, how we can procure skilled workforce, maintain them. It will describe on how can we connect with our consumers and fulfill their needs and demands. Thus in a nutshell it can be said that this proposal will help us to polish our entrepreneurial skills. This report will have a brief detail about all the aspects of the business. By opening this store, we will be able to create employment opportunity for ourselves and other too (Chang, 2014). The local consumers can enjoy the delicacies at a reasonable rate while having a restaurant as an experience. Since the store will be a start up, it will have little impact on the economy. But it will contribute towards the expansion of the BID area, and also we aim to become a popular tourists destination that surely have the little impact on its way. Statement of Need This project was necessary so that we can put theory into practice and learn from our mistakes so that we are fully prepared to face the challenges in the real work setting. Thus, now we will discuss the mission of our company. The mission of the Sweet Tooth Bakery would be to offer the best quality desserts in a very appealing and comforting ambiance to consumers who search for fun gourmet experiences without visiting the restaurants (Danes, Craft, Jang Lee, 2012). The company plans to generate desired amount of profits so that it can provide reasonable return to the investors and to be committed towards the continual growth and development of the business and continuously improving the quality of the products. We also aim to sustain a fair, friendly and a consistent work environment which will encourage creativity, welcome new and innovative ideas, and respects and balances diversity and motivate the people to reach their potential to achieve the organizational objectives. The key to success for our business would be our commitment to using the finest quality ingredients in all our products and providing superior customer service so that they become loyal and long-term customers for us ('Dessert Dilemma', 2014). Our commitment to became a learning organization and encourage employee education program so that we can add a new touch to our products now and then. Adopting recognition programs would also help us to retain the talented employee as the success of the bakery is highly dependent on their skills and innovative ideas as they have the potential to keep the customer interested and satisfied. To succeed in our endeavor, we also need to give also need to give back to the society that helps us to create goodwill in the market ('Using Wheat Futures to Stabilize the Cost of Raw Material in Bakery Sector', 2012). We will provide employment opportunities that will in turn, improve the standard of living of the local people. Project Description Sweet Tooth will be located in Business Improvement Area of Washington DC, which will be based on the concept of the dessert bar. The USP of the bakery would be that the consumers will able to see their desserts being made in front of them in a very artistic way. This will be a sole proprietorship firm that will require funds from investors (Fischer, 2015). The startup cost for this project would be $320,000. That will be exhausted on the furnishing and construction of the outlet, equipment for the kitchen, the initial investment on start-up inventory and other miscellaneous expenses that will be incurred while setting up the new store. Description of our products and services- The Sweet Tooth will offer gourmet desserts that will be combined with superior customer service and all efforts will be directed towards creating a rich experience for the customers while they are in the store ('How to get the most dough from a bakery', 2006). They will enjoy the facility of dining in while watching their desserts being prepared. We will also take orders for special cakes for every kind of celebrations. We also plan to offer baking classes by our senior most chefs to our customers at very reasonable rates. This way, we can be transparent on the use of fine ingredients in our products. We will run special promotional campaigns that will target the mothers and encourage them to get their kids to our store help them in preparing milk cookies. This way, they will get to spend some fun time with their kids in the most creative way (Lee, Moon, Cho, Kang Jeong, 2014). Another way we are planning promote our stores is by pre-booking large tables for special celebrations and giving a complimentary cake to our guests on bookings for tables for birthday or anniversary celebrations. All this efforts are guided by our mission to attain loyalty and create long-term relationship with our customers while providing them with best of our services. Market Analysis- The bakery will target the local market of DC while targeting to attract the customers of ice cream and restaurant (Smith, 2014). Washington will be a strategic location for us as the local people spend a lot of money on eating out as compared to other parts of the country. We have divided our consumer into four main segments namely, gourmet wannabes (they look out for new experiences and experiment with food, they will easily sign up for the classes and they would love to see the preparation of their desserts), celebrators (these are those people who celebrate all the special occasions and would have a gathering with their family and friends), comfort seekers (they are driven by success and comfort yet they need comfortable atmosphere to relax and enjoy the feel of homemade food) and soccer mothers (to attract the families at our store). We have created this division based on their similar consumer behavior, and this will help us to cater to their diverse need in a better way (Paris, 2015). Our competitors would include all the restaurants that offer desserts, ice cream parlors, coffee and donut shops, supermarkets that offer frozen desserts and full-time traditional bakeries. Since we will operate in a competitive market, we will try to gain an edge by highlighting out USP (Pearce, 2012). The consumers who eat regular ice cream scoops at five dollars would not mind shelling out little extra to have quality dessert in a welcoming ambiance. We need to present our products in an innovative way to attract the customers and encourage them to spend on our products that are coupled with excellent customer service and warm environment. We will further plan to reinvest the profits into the expansion of the organization by opening up new outlets each year for the next five years (Tebben, 2015). We need to scout and develop partnerships with best chefs so that even they can invest money while bringing in their knowledge and talent within the organizations. Conclusion Thus, the business "Sweet Tooth" aims to become profitable during the first year of its establishment considering the spending power and eating habits of the local people. We seek to improve the profitability of the firm to provide desirable returns to our investors. We also seek to develop strong brand loyalty among our customers while offering them a wide range of services and best quality products. We are also committed towards the growth of our employees as they will be assets for the company. We will have internal promotion system and increase the accountability and responsibility of each of them so that they are satisfied with their job. References Asghar, A., Abbas, M. (2012). Dried egg powder utilization, a new frontier in bakery products.ABJNA,3(13), 493-505. doi:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.12.493.505 Bar in Questionnaires. (2013).CBR,12(10). doi:10.17265/1537-1506/2013.10.003 Brresen, T. (2013). KIC(K) Starting New Seafood Business Opportunities.Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology,23(1), 1-1. doi:10.1080/10498850.2014.850878 Chang, M. (2014). From engineer to intrapreneur, to entrepreneur: starting a business risk free.IEEE Engineering Management Review,42(4), 16-17. doi:10.1109/emr.2014.2364659 Danes, S., Craft, S., Jang, J., Lee, J. (2012). Liability of Newness: Assessing Couple Social Support When Starting A New Business Venture.J Marital Fam Ther,39(4), 515-529. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00308.x Dessert Dilemma. (2014).Teaching Children Mathematics,21(1), 12-14. doi:10.5951/teacchilmath.21.1.0012 Fischer, B. (2015). On the Contributions of Knowledge-Intensive Business-Services Multinationals to Laggard Innovation Systems.BAR - Brazilian Administration Review,12(2), 150-168. doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2015140070 How to get the most dough from a bakery. (2006).New Scientist,192(2572), 17. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(06)60652-0 Lee, D., Moon, J., Cho, J., Kang, H., Jeong, J. (2014). From corporate social responsibility to creating shared value with suppliers through mutual firm foundation in the Korean bakery industry: a case study of the SPC Group.Asia Pacific Business Review,20(3), 461-483. doi:10.1080/13602381.2014.929301 Paris, H. (2015). Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, Citrullus lanatus.Ann Bot,116(2), 133-148. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077 Pearce, F. (2012). Peak planet: are we starting to consume less?.New Scientist,214(2869), 38-43. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(12)61566-8 Smith, D. (2014). Starting Up.Science. doi:10.1126/science.caredit.a1400144 Tebben, M. (2015). Seeing and Tasting.Gastronomica,15(2), 10-25. doi:10.1525/gfc.2015.15.2.10 Using Wheat Futures to Stabilize the Cost of Raw Material in Bakery Sector. (2012).CBR,11(06). doi:10.17265/1537-1506/2012.06.003

Bible Jeremy Bentham On Killing free essay sample

Examines views of Biblical authors utilitarian philosopher on morality of killing a human being. Is it morally wrong in every case to kill another human being, or are there instances in which taking another human beings life is justified? Moral philosophers have wrestled with this issue for centuries. The issue may be couched as directly as it is above that killing is morally wrong or it may center on specific instances which some believe alter the moral equation, such as in war, for purposes of euthanasia, or most recently, with reference to the issue of abortion. Of course, the latter involves the further question of when human life begins so that the killing of a fetus can be considered the killing of a human being. The Bible addresses the issue and does not produce as complete or direct an answer as one might think, and the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham also offers a somewhat clouded picture with different interpretations possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Bible Jeremy Bentham On Killing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clearly, the..

Great Essay Samples - How to Find an Essay Sample For Your Essay Topic

Great Essay Samples - How to Find an Essay Sample For Your Essay TopicLooking for a good essay sample, you should do a few things before settling on a single topic. You can start by considering the following:Are you writing a paper for school? If so, then you have a specific objective in mind that you want to accomplish. It's good to know what kind of essay you are about to write so that you will have a clear idea on what kind of paper you want to write and how to structure it.Do you have a special interest or subject you wish to write about? If you do, you will need to understand the audience of your topic. It is important to choose the proper topic based on what you hope to achieve. Research or make use of a master essay sample can help you decide on a topic.How much information do you need to include in your essay? If you are writing a research paper, you might just want to keep it short, so that it can be easily read, but if you want to focus on explaining a complex topic, you wi ll need to include more. You can find more tips in this article.There are many excellent sources of ideas and subjects that you can use as a base to create a master essay sample. You will be able to obtain several types of essay samples such as: essays for journals, essays for novels, research papers, and opinions articles.The best place to look for essay samples is online. There are so many online resources available now that you will surely find what you are looking for. Some sites have free samples, while some sites require you to pay a fee for their materials. So, it is better to see which website offers the best services and will give you the best overall price.If you are just starting out, you should first look into using essay samples to help you start writing your own essay. As you write, you will soon notice that this technique will work very well. Writing essays is a necessary skill, especially for students who are already struggling with their exams.

Becoming a Pilot essays

Becoming a Pilot essays On the Saturday morning of my first flight, I woke up with anticipation of what was to come. During the previous night, I had been dreaming of my recent activities. The week before, I had talked to an Air Force recruiter. During the conversation, I told him of my desire to join the USAF. Also, I had mentioned to him that during the first three years I was enlisted, I would be working towards my bachelors degree. (The reason that I would do so is because you must have a bachelors degree prior to flying in the military.) He then gave all the information that I had shared with him, to my mother and father. My mother, being the sweetest person in the world, went right out and bought me an introductory flight lesson. On the Friday night before my first flight, she handed me an envelope, and I read the certificate out loud. I couldnt believe that I was to start flying that next morning. She said, If you want to become a pilot, you might want to see if you like it firs! t. When I took off for the first time it was the greatest feeling ever. It was the Im on top of the world feeling. I cant describe it, it was just amazing. The fact is that many people would like to fly, but not many have the chance to pursue that dream. My dream started to become a reality at eight oclock in the morning on December 22, 2001. This was the first of many, many steps to becoming a pilot. I knew that it would take lots of money and hard work to finish it, but I am willing to give it my all. To obtain a private pilots license you need to complete a minimum of forty hours of flight time, although the national average to obtain a license is between sixty-five and seventy-five hours. These forty hours includes at least twenty hours of dual instructional flight time and at least ten hours of solo flight time. A person will have to pass a few exams before they will be able to r...

Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Example

Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Example Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Economics, Finance and Politics DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE Sta. Mesa, Manila SAMPLING TEACHNIQUES and DATA ANALYSIS Submitted by: Jayson A. Enabia Rechelle Ann V. Elon Lobelyne Elago Monica Mae R. Flores April Mariz Francisco BBF 4-10n TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction1 Methods of Collecting Data Interview method1 Questionnaire Method2 Empirical Observation Method4 Test Method5 Registration Method5 Mechanical Devices5 Sampling Techniques6 Random Sampling6 Systematic Sampling7 Purposive Sampling7 Quota Sampling8 Convenience Sampling8 Organization and Presentation of Data8 Data Analysis12 Introduction There is no formula for selecting the best method to be used when generating data. It depends on the researcher’s design of the study, the type of data,the time allotment to complete the study and the researcher’s financial capacity. Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA INTERVIEW METHOD This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. There are different types of interview methods namely: a. PERSONAL INTERVIEW The interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person. b. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW It is use when it is not possible to contact the respondent directly c. STRUCTURED INTERVIEW It follows a set of questions to be asked to the interviewer. d. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW o predetermined questions are asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewee’s nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer â€Å"goes with the flow†. e. FOCUSED INTERVIEW Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects f. CLINICAL INTERVIEW It is concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations with the course of individual’s life experience, ra ther than with the effects of the specific experience. g. GROUP INTERVIEW A group of individuals are being interviewed. h. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW An interviewer meets a single person and interviews him. i. SELECTION INTERVIEW It is done for the selection of people for certain jobs. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD A questionnaire is a list of well: 1. Have you been convicted of any crime? Yes______ No______. If your answer is yes, go to the next question and if no proceed to question number 3. b. RECALL TYPE Example: a. age b. sex c. civil status d. length of stay in a community c. RECOGNITION TYPE Example: Which of the following figures is a square? d. DICHOTOMOUS TYPE Fixed: Are you in favor of REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH BILL? YES______ NO______ e. MULTIPLE: What causes night and day? A. The earth spins on its axis. B. The earth moves around the sun. C. Clouds block out the suns light. D. The earth moves into and out of the suns shadow. E. The sun goes around the earth. f. MULTIPLE: What computer games do you prefer to play? Encircle the numbers. 1. DOTA6. FarmVille 2. Special Force7. Black Point 3. Angry Birds8. Ragnarok 4. Plant vs. Zombie9. Flyff 5. Rotate and Roll10. Red Alert g. FREE: 1. How serious is the drug problem in your barangay? ____ very serious ____ serious ____ fairly serious ____not serious ____ not a problem 2. Attitude towards Mathematics In answering the question below, please refer to the verbal equivalent of the numbers used in the table. 1 = disagree2= slighty agree3= moderately agree 4=strongly agree I love mathematics |1 |2 |3 |4 | |I always like the subject since my elementary years |1 |2 |3 |4 | |I am always excited to attend my mathematics class |1 |2 |3 |4 | EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION METHOD The observation method is commonly used in psychological and anthropological studies. It is a method of obtaining data by seeing, hearing, testing, touching, and smelling. Through observation, additional information, which cannot be obtained using the other methods like the questionnaire, may be gathered. The observer may participate in the activities of the group being studied (participant observation) or he may just be a bystander (nonparticipant observation). When an observation is done in a laboratory, as in the case of experimental studies, the type of observation is called controlled observation. TEST METHOD ? Widely used in psychological research and psychiatry ? Used because of: Validity Reliability Usability Example: 1. Aptitude tests 2. IQ tests 3. Achievement tests REGISTRATION METHOD ? Commonly enforced by certain laws, ordinances or standard practices ? Very practical and inexpensive method of gathering data ? In this method, information are kept systematized and available to all because of the law’s requirement Example: 1. Data obtained from NSO: A researcher wants to know the average income of the families living in Barangay A which has 2,500 residents. Calculate the sample size the researcher will need if a 5% margin of error is allowed. Given:N= 2500 e=0. 05 Solution:2500/[1+2,500(0. 05^2)]= 345 families Random Sampling In this method, all members of the population have equal chances of being included in the study. This is applicable if the target population is not classified into different clusters, sections, levels, or classes. The method is easy to use, but not when the population is very large, say a thousand or more. a. Lottery Method It is the most common and the easiest method of random sampling. The names of the respondents will be written on small pieces of paper which will be rolled and placed in a jar. The respondents who will be included in the study will be those names are written on the pieces of paper that are picked at random from the jar. Systematic Sampling a. Stratified Random Sampling This method is applied when the population is divided into different classes wherein each class must be represented in the study. . Cluster Sampling When the geographical area where the study will be done is too big and the target population is too large, the cluster sampling technique may be appropriate. In this technique, the selection of sample units is not individuals but by groups of clusters. The area will be divided in clusters, then a desired number of clusters will be selected at random. Example: A d octor wants to make a nationwide study on the correlation between smoking and death rate. He decided to focus on the 13 regions of the country which can be considered as the clusters. If 3 of the 13 clusters or regions are the desired sample units, the names of the 13 clusters will be written on small pieces of paper, then three will be picked at random using the lottery method. All the residents of the selected three clusters will be included in the study. Purposive Sampling The respondents of the study will be chosen based on their knowledge of the information required by the researcher. Example: Suppose a researcher wants to make a historical study about Town A. the target population will be the senior citizens of the town since they are the most reliable persons who know the history of the town. If there are 2,000 senior citizens and a 3% margin of error is allowed the sample size will be 714. They will be chosen using any of the methods discussed previously Quota Sampling This technique is commonly used in opinion polls. Suppose a salesman is required to gather information as to the most common hair shampoo used by female Filipino clients. If he wants 2,000 sample units and he needs to do the survey within a short timetable, he can station himself at a public place, such as a park or a mall, then ask the females what shampoo they usually use. After meeting the required number of sample points, the researcher is through with his collection of data Convenience Sampling This technique is resorted to by researchers who need the information the fastest way possible. The telephone can be used to interview the respondents about their opinions on a certain issue. This method may be fast but it is also biased because those who have no telephones do not have a chance to be included in the study. Another example is the case of a teacher who makes a research which requires the inclusion of the students as respondents. Conveniently, the teacher may use his own students as respondents. PRESENTATION OF DATA Generally data are presented in the form of tables, graphs or charts. Tables and graphs (pictorial presentation of data) may simplify and clarify the research data. Tabular and graphic representation of data may take a number of forms, ranging from computer printouts to elaborate pictographs. The purpose of each table or graph, however, is to facilitate the summarization and communication of the meaning of the data. a. Table A table is a systematic arrangement of related statistical data in columns and rows with some predetermined aim or purpose. Example: There are 50 science and arts students in a college. The number of students from poor families is the same for each course and the total is 30. Whereas science and commerce courses are equally popular in rich familis, yet the number of rich art students is twicw as much. In all 40 students are from the rich families studying in the college. The majority of students are from middle class families and their number is 80. Types of tables Reference or general purpose tables- tables that are in a way a store of information with an aim of presenting detailed statistical materials. Generally we can derive smaller tables from it. Special Purpose or text tables- smaller tables that can be obtained from reference tables. It aimed to analyse a particular aspect to bring out a specific point. b. Graphs and Charts There are many types of graphs and charts that are commonly used for showing business reports. These are listed as follows. 1. Line graphs:  A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed. e. g. [pic] 2. Pie Charts:  A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space  and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors. [pic] 3. Bar Charts:  This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison. [pic] 4. Area Graphs:  These graphs are used to show how something changes with respect to time. An area graph shows the contribution of each data series in the form of a picture. [pic] 5. Waterfall Chart:  This is a type of chart, which shows an increase or decrease in a initial value. This contains floating vertical columns that shows the increase or decrease in a initial value through a series of intermediate steps leading to a final value. An invisible column keeps the increase or decrease related to the heights of the previous columns. [pic] 6. Polar Chart:  A Polar Chart is a circular chart in which data is displayed in terms of values and angles. This provides a mechanism to compare various qualitative and quantitative aspects of a situation graphically. o By using Polar Charts we can plot multiple data sets each with a single line with as many points as needed. o These are normally used in Engineering and modeling Industries. o A Polar Chart has two variables X and Y where X is plotted as an angle and Y is the radius. o In a Polar Chart the points are plotted in Polar coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates. o In a Polar Chart the dataset having the maximum values covers the maximum area in the whole graph. The X and Y-axes can be used to demonstrate real world quantities. [pic] Analysis of data Analysis of data  is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling  data  with the goal of highlighting useful  information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains. Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. Data mining  is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on modeling and knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive purposes. Data integration  is a precursor to data analysis, and data analysis is closely linked to  data visualization  and data dissemination. The term data analysis  is sometimes used as a synonym for  data modeling. Data cleaning is an important procedure during which the data are inspected, and erroneous data are if necessary, preferable, and possible corrected. Data cleaning can be done during the stage of data entry. If this is done, it is important that no subjective decisions are made. The most important distinction between the initial data analysis phase and the main analysis phase, is that during initial data analysis one refrains from any analysis that are aimed at answering the original research question. The initial data analysis phase is guided by the following four questions: Quality of data Quality of measurements Initial transformations Final stage of the initial data analysis Considerations/issues in data analysis There are a number of issues that researchers should be cognizant of with respect to data analysis. These include: Having the necessary skills to analyze Concurrently selecting data collection methods and appropriate analysis Drawing unbiased inference Inappropriate subgroup analysis Following acceptable norms for disciplines Determining statistical significance Lack of clearly defined and objective outcome measurements Providing honest and accurate analysis Manner of presenting data Environmental/contextual issues Data recording method Partitioning ‘text’ when analyzing qualitative data Training of staff conducting analyses Reliability and Validity Extent of analysis